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Tissue & Recovery Research

TB-500 Thymosin Beta-4 Fragment

A synthetic heptapeptide (Ac-LKKTETQ) corresponding to the actin-binding motif of thymosin beta-4, studied for wound healing, cell migration, and tissue regeneration.
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Regulatory status: TB-500 is not approved by the FDA for human therapeutic use. It is classified as a Category 2 bulk drug substance — prohibited for compounding. There are ZERO published human clinical trials on TB-500.

Overview

TB-500 (Ac-LKKTETQ) is a synthetic heptapeptide corresponding to amino acids 17–23 of thymosin beta-4 (Tβ4), a naturally occurring 43-amino acid polypeptide first purified from thymic tissue. Thymosin beta-4 is one of the most abundant intracellular peptides in mammalian systems, found in nearly every tissue except red blood cells, with particularly high concentrations in platelets, white blood cells, and wound fluid.

It is critical to understand that TB-500 and thymosin beta-4 are not the same molecule. TB-500 is a short synthetic fragment that contains the actin-binding motif of the parent protein. A fragment does not automatically have the same effects, pharmacokinetics, or safety profile as the whole. The vast majority of published research has been conducted on full-length thymosin beta-4 — not on the TB-500 fragment specifically.

As of 2025, there are zero published human clinical trials on TB-500. A Phase II trial on the parent protein thymosin beta-4 for venous stasis ulcers (NCT00832091) was completed in 2009, but results were never published — over 15 years later. This is a significant red flag in the scientific community. A 2024 study (Rahaman et al.) raised further questions by suggesting that TB-500's wound healing activity may come from a metabolite rather than the parent compound itself.

Dosage & Reconstitution

Select vial strength
Vial strength
5 mg
BAC water added
3 mL
Final concentration
~1.67 mg/mL
WeeksDosageSyringe units (U-100)
Weeks 1–20.5 mg30 units0.3 mL
Weeks 3–40.6 mg36 units0.36 mL
Weeks 5–80.75 mg45 units0.45 mL
Weeks 9–121 mg60 units0.6 mL
Vial strength
10 mg
BAC water added
3 mL
Final concentration
~3.33 mg/mL
WeeksDosageSyringe units (U-100)
Weeks 1–20.5 mg15 units0.15 mL
Weeks 3–40.6 mg18 units0.18 mL
Weeks 5–80.75 mg22.5 units0.22 mL
Weeks 9–121 mg30 units0.3 mL

FrequencyOnce daily, subcutaneous.

Note

For review — no human dosing exists. No human trial of TB-500 has ever been run, so there is no established amount, schedule or frequency; the rows in the chart follow a circulated research protocol. The concentration strip above the chart is calculated from the vial and water volume and is correct.

Unverified — no human trial of TB-500 exists to establish a frequency.

TB-500 has no human trials at all, which this site's own dosing reference records explicitly, so every figure charted here comes from a circulated protocol rather than from evidence and the whole schedule is flagged for review. It is often conflated with full-length thymosin beta-4, which has been through a small pilot in myocardial infarction, but TB-500 is a seven-amino-acid fragment of that molecule rather than the same substance, and the pilot's protocol does not transfer to it. Both vials are made up with 3 mL, giving about 1.67 mg/mL at 5 mg and about 3.33 mg/mL at 10 mg; the 1 mg final step is 60 units on the 5 mg vial, more than a 50-unit syringe holds and marked as such, against 30 units on the 10 mg vial. Every other row on both charts fits within one syringe.

Measurement note. At this strength and water volume one or more of the amounts above is larger than the 0.5 mL a 50-unit U-100 syringe holds, so it would be drawn with a 100-unit syringe rather than in a single 50-unit fill.

What this evidence establishes. No human trials of TB-500 exist, so no human dose exists. This site's dosing reference records that explicitly. A related but distinct molecule — full-length thymosin beta-4 — has been through a small pilot in myocardial infarction, but TB-500 is a seven-amino-acid fragment of it rather than the same substance, and that pilot's protocol does not transfer. The table below is reconstitution arithmetic only.

Sources: This site's dosing reference: TB-500, no human trials exist

For educational and laboratory research purposes only. It does not provide medical advice, dosing recommendations, or instructions for human or veterinary use. Syringe units assume a U-100 syringe, on which 1 mL is 100 units and a 50-unit syringe holds 0.5 mL.

Mechanism of Action

Thymosin beta-4's primary molecular function is regulation of the actin cytoskeleton. The following mechanisms have been identified primarily in preclinical research on the full-length parent protein:

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Actin Sequestration

Sequesters 40–50% of the cellular G-actin pool, maintaining reserves for rapid cytoskeletal reorganization

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Cell Migration

Promotes endothelial cell and progenitor cell migration to injury sites

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Angiogenesis

Stimulates new blood vessel formation through endothelial cell proliferation and tube formation

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Anti-Inflammatory

Reduces inflammatory cytokines and decreases inflammatory cell infiltration

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Anti-Fibrotic

Decreases myofibroblast numbers, resulting in reduced scar formation

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Cardioprotection

Reactivates embryonic cardiac progenitor cells in adult heart tissue (Bock-Marquette et al., 2004)

Critical caveat: A 2024 study (Rahaman et al.) found that TB-500's wound healing activity may actually come from a metabolite — acetyl-thymosin β4 (amino acid 1–17) — rather than the TB-500 fragment itself. This raises fundamental questions about whether the compound people are injecting is even the active agent.

Research Timeline

1966–1970s
Discovery of Thymosins
Allan Goldstein and Abraham White isolate thymosin fractions from calf thymus tissue. Thymosin beta-4 is identified as a major component. Initially studied for immunological applications.
1991
Actin-Binding Function Identified
Researchers establish thymosin beta-4 as the primary intracellular G-actin sequestering peptide, fundamentally changing understanding of its biological role beyond immunology.
2004
Nature — Cardiac Regeneration
Bock-Marquette et al. publish landmark paper in Nature demonstrating thymosin beta-4 promotes cardiac cell survival and repair after myocardial infarction in mice. This catalyzes regenerative medicine interest.
2007–2009
Phase II Trial — Venous Stasis Ulcers
RegeneRx Biopharmaceuticals conducts a Phase II clinical trial (NCT00832091) of thymosin beta-4 for chronic venous stasis ulcers. Trial is completed. Results are NEVER published. Over 15 years of silence.
2012
Equine Doping Detection
Ho et al. publish methods for detecting TB-500 in equine urine and plasma, reflecting its widespread use in horse racing. WADA develops detection protocols.
2016
Human MI Pilot — Thymosin β4
Zhu et al. publish a small pilot study (n=18) of autologous thymosin β4 pre-treated endothelial progenitor cell transplantation in acute MI patients. This is the closest thing to human data for the parent protein — not TB-500.
2022
WADA Prohibition
TB-500 is classified under S0: Non-Approved Substances on the WADA Prohibited List, banned at all times in and out of competition.
2023
FDA Category 2 Designation
The FDA classifies TB-500 as a Category 2 bulk drug substance with significant safety concerns, prohibiting compounding for human use.
2024
Metabolite Activity Discovery
Rahaman et al. publish study suggesting TB-500's wound healing activity may come from a metabolite (Ac-Tβ1-17) rather than the parent fragment — raising questions about TB-500's direct biological activity.
2025
Systematic Reviews Published
Multiple systematic reviews (Preprints.org, GlobalRPH) evaluate TB-500 alongside other peptides. Conclusion: promising preclinical data, essentially no human evidence base. The compound remains one of the most popular grey-market peptides despite this.

Contraindications & Safety Data

Because TB-500 has zero human clinical data, contraindication profiles are derived entirely from its known mechanisms (particularly pro-angiogenic activity) and theoretical extrapolation from preclinical findings on the parent protein thymosin beta-4.

Condition / FactorRisk LevelRationale
Active cancer or malignancyHIGHPro-angiogenic activity may support tumor vascularization and growth. Thymosin beta-4 levels are elevated in some metastatic cancers.
History of hormone-sensitive cancersHIGHAngiogenesis and cell migration promotion pose theoretical risk for dormant cancer reactivation
Pregnancy / breastfeedingHIGHNo reproductive toxicology data exists for TB-500 or thymosin beta-4 in human pregnancy
Proliferative retinopathiesHIGHPro-angiogenic activity is specifically contraindicated in conditions where pathological blood vessel growth occurs
Cardiovascular conditionsMODERATEAngiogenesis and vasodilation may cause blood pressure changes. Complex interactions with cardiac medications possible.
Autoimmune conditionsMODERATEImmune-modulating properties may unpredictably affect autoimmune disease activity
Current immunosuppressive therapyMODERATEImmune pathway modulation may cause unpredictable interactions
Anticoagulant therapyMODERATEAngiogenic activity may interact with bleeding risk. Thymosin beta-4 is concentrated in platelets.
Preclinical animal safetyLOW (preclinical)No adverse effects observed in standard animal toxicity studies for thymosin beta-4
Human safety dataUNKNOWNZero published human clinical trials for TB-500. Unpublished Phase II trial results for parent protein are a red flag.

Regulatory Status

FDA: TB-500 is classified as a Category 2 bulk drug substance — a "Substance with Safety Concerns" that is prohibited from being compounded for human use. The FDA cites significant safety risks including potential for immune reactions and lack of human safety data.

WADA: Classified under S0: Non-Approved Substances on the Prohibited List. Banned at all times, in and out of competition. Detection methods exist for both equine and human doping control.

DEA: TB-500 is not a DEA-scheduled substance. Possession is not illegal. However, it cannot be legally prescribed, compounded, or sold as a drug, food, or dietary supplement.

Important distinction: The research on thymosin beta-4 (the full 43-amino acid parent protein) is extensive. The research on TB-500 (the 7-amino acid synthetic fragment) is almost nonexistent. These are different molecules with potentially different properties. Marketing materials that conflate the two are misleading.

References (APA 7th Edition)

Bock-Marquette, I., Saxena, A., White, M. D., DiMaio, J. M., & Srivastava, D. (2004). Thymosin β4 activates integrin-linked kinase and promotes cardiac cell migration, survival and cardiac repair. Nature, 432(7016), 466–472.
Bock-Marquette, I., et al. (2021). Utilizing developmentally essential secreted peptides such as thymosin beta-4 to remind the adult organs of their embryonic state — new directions in anti-aging regenerative therapies. Cells, 10(6), 1343.
Goldstein, A. L., Hannappel, E., Sosne, G., & Kleinman, H. K. (2012). Thymosin β4: A multi-functional regenerative peptide. Basic properties and clinical applications. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 12(1), 37–51.
Ho, E. N., Kwok, W., Lau, M., Wong, A. S., Wan, T. S., Lam, K. K., Schiff, P. J., & Stewart, B. D. (2012). Doping control analysis of TB-500 in equine urine and plasma by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A, 1265, 57–69.
Rahaman, K. A., Muresan, A. R., Min, H., Son, J., Han, H., Kang, M., & Kwon, O. (2024). Simultaneous quantification of TB-500 and its metabolites in in-vitro experiments and rats by UHPLC-Q-Exactive orbitrap MS/MS and their screening by wound healing activities in-vitro. Journal of Chromatography B, 1235, 124033.
Zhu, J., Song, J., Yu, L., Zheng, H., Zhou, B., Weng, S., & Fu, G. (2016). Safety and efficacy of autologous thymosin β4 pre-treated endothelial progenitor cell transplantation in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: A pilot study. Cytotherapy, 18(8), 1037–1042.
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2023). Certain bulk drug substances for use in compounding that may present significant safety risks. FDA.
World Anti-Doping Agency. (2024). The 2025 World Anti-Doping Code International Standard: Prohibited List. WADA.

TB-500 Research Readiness Quiz

Answer these compound-specific screening questions to evaluate whether TB-500 research is appropriate given your profile.

Educational Disclaimer

This profile is for educational and research purposes only. It is not medical advice, and nothing on it is a protocol, a recommendation, or an instruction for use in a person or an animal.

Athena Peptides Education does not prescribe, sell, or recommend any compound. Compounds discussed here are for laboratory research only and are not for human consumption. Always consult a qualified physician before making any decision about your health.